The Fruits of Conifers

Conifers have two types of cones: pollen cones and seed cones. Depending on the tree species, you may find both types of cones on the same tree or on different trees. When seed and pollen cones are found on different trees, the species is called dioecious.

Pollen cones are often smaller than seed cones and have a catkin-like structure. Pollen cones produce the pollen that is released to fertilize seed cones. Once the pollen has been shed, the pollen cone whithers away and is no longer useful for identification purposes

Female cones have scales under which the ovules are found. Once fertilized by the pollen, the ovules become seeds. As of that time, the seed cone is considered a fruit because it has everything needed to reproduce a tree.

Seed cones are useful means of identification because they persist on the tree or on the ground around it. Seed cones are often called simply cones. Cones have different forms. They may curve inward like those of the jack pine. They may be very small like eastern white cedar and tamarack cones. Or they may be of varying lengths depending on the species.

Cones are valued for their decorative qualities. When you have a chance to gather some, take one apart to observe the seeds. You will find cones come apart easily when dry. Also, many animals feed on conifer seeds.

Many conifers have arils instead of cones. Arils are fruits composed of a fleshy membrane that partially encloses the seed. You will find arils on the Canada yew. But beware. The fruit of the yew is toxic. So make sure you do not eat any.